The Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis was typical of the construction of large modern hospitals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and its layout took into consideration progress made in medicine and hygiene.

The Pasteur Institute in Tunis is typical of the construction of research centres in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was dedicated to identifying different diseases and epidemics.

This hospital in Tunis was typical of the construction of large modern hospitals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and its layout took into consideration progress made in medicine and hygiene.

This hospital in Beirut was typical of the construction of large modern hospitals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and its layout took into consideration progress made in medicine and hygiene.

This institute in Beirut is typical of the construction of research centres in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was dedicated to identifying different diseases and epidemics.

The profession of doctor changed enormously during the 19th century. Empiricism helped to establish a scientific profession that required a good knowledge of diseases, medications and medical procedures. The doctor\'s kit or bag containing various items for treatment and medication was essential.