7th century BC
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
The massive Assyrian winged animals that protected the doorways of Assyrian palaces captured the imagination of the 19th-century public. They were favourite exhibits in museum collections. Large-scale reproductions of them were incorporated into “The Assyrian Court” at the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851. They were awesome, artistically and technically, and made ideal subjects for souvenirs. How did the excavators move such large objects from the sites? How did museums get them through the doors?
Mr Drovetti and his entourage measuring a fragment of the Colossus in Upper Egypt
1819
National Library of France
Paris, France
Bernardino Drovetti (1776–1852) was an Italian who joined the French army. With the favour of the Emperor Napoleon, he was sent to Egypt as consul. There, he collected antiquities. In this image, Drovetti stands with his team before a colossus, holding a plumb line. Drovetti sold his collections to the Prince of Piedmont, King Charles X of France and the King of Prussia.
Description de l'Egypte: frontispiece
1821–1830
National Library of France
Paris, France
Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt (1798–1801) comprised not just soldiers but also scientists, engineers and designers. They were charged with collecting all sorts of scientific information. The resulting Collection of Observations and Research that have been made in Egypt during the Expedition of the French Army is a lavish set of ten volumes of plates and nine volumes of text, published between 1809 and 1826. It constituted a key resource for the study of ancient Egypt.
1852
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
Layard for the rest of his life would be known as “Layard of Nineveh”. This commemorative custom piece was made to honour his achievements. It is closely modelled on the sculptures discovered by him.
1852
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
Scharf was a gifted illustrator who made a series of important drawings of ancient sites in Turkey. He was a dedicated lecturer, communicating his passion for the ancient world to a new generation of students. He made large drawings of important objects for the purpose. Here we see a drawing of a lecture given by him at what was to become Queen’s College, London.
1850’s?
Private collection
n/a, United Kingdom
Austen Henry Layard’s discoveries at the Assyrian city of Nimrud created a lasting sensation. At the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851 (then moved and re-erected at Sydenham in south-east London), a massive, full-colour reconstruction of the “Assyrian Court” was erected. There was also a parallel “Egyptian Court”. Each was based closely on recent discoveries. The exhibition was enormously popular until it burnt down in 1936.
After 1853
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
George Scharf illustrated his lectures with enormous paintings. This example is an oil painting showing Assyrian sculpture from Nimrud. It is based on the original drawing by Layard, who excavated the object. Both Layard and Scharf worked on the “Courts” of the Crystal Palace Exhibition.
1867
National Library of France
Paris, France
At the Universal Exhibition of 1867, visitors explored a reconstruction of the Temple of Edfu in the “Egyptian Park”. This reconstitution (mixing different temples) corresponded to a fashion for ancient Egypt and a desire of the French Empire to develop diplomatic relations with contemporary Egypt. Here, indeed, we see the imperial couple in the company of Isma’il Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt. The Temple of Edfu had been excavated by the famous Egyptologist Mariette.
1869
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
Layard, excavator of Nineveh along with other sites, had this necklace made as a wedding present for his wife. It combines ancient cylinder seals in contemporary gold settings. It is said that Queen Victoria admired it very much during a dinner in 1873.
Fantasy in Egyptian Gallery, the British Museum
1870
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
In British artist Walter Duncan’s Fantasy in Egyptian Gallery, the British Museum, a group of sculptures come to life. The scene is closely modelled on the Egyptian and Assyrian sculptures displayed at the British Museum.
1870
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
Layard’s wife here poses in her “Assyrian” jewellery.
1872
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
19th-century jewellery sometimes drew on recent finds to produce fashionable pieces. Here a gold bracelet is based closely on Assyrian reliefs.
1874
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
19th-century jewellery sometimes drew on recent finds to produce fashionable pieces. Here a gold brooch is based closely on Assyrian reliefs.
1882
The British Museum
London, United Kingdom
Figurines based on the Assyrian sculptures were popular collecting pieces. Owners displayed their interest in current events. Buyers included the rich and famous, as well as museums. These Parian ware figurines were designed by an artist who was working at the British Museum as a security guard. His series of animals and men draws from the Assyrian sculptures, but uses Victorian poses. These were also exhibited at the Great Exhibition.
Sbeïtla. Attempt to reconstruct the façade of the three temples
1886
National Library of France
Paris, France
French architect Henri Jules Saladin travelled to Tunisia in 1882–83 with archaeologist René Cagnat. The purpose of the mission was to visit archaeological sites, such as Sbeïtla (Roman Sufetula) shown here. He made the “Tunisian Pavilion” for the 1889 Universal Exhibition in Paris, pulling together a mixture of architectures from Tunisia.
1889
Private collection
n/a, United Kingdom
A chromolithograph of the 1889 Paris Exhibition. It shows the different styles of houses from antiquity. Colourful cards such as these were used as marketing tools by companies keen to develop their brands and to assure customer loyalty.