Working Number | Name | Holding Museum | Date | Materials | Curator Justification |
AT 093 | Abdul-Mejid I, Sultan of Turkey (1823–1861) | Austrian National Library | Mid 19th century | | During the rule of Sultan ‘Abd al-Majid I (r. 1839–61), the Ottoman Empire offered refuge to several Europeans who had to flee their countries for political reasons, including prominent figures such as the leader of the 1848–49 Hungarian revolution Lajos Kossuth.
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IT1 130 | An open letter from the Tuscan community in Constantinople to the Chargé d’Affairs of Tuscany, protesting the detention of three Italian democrats exiled by Ottoman authorities | State Archives of Livorno | Constantinople, 9 August 1848 | | The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Kingdom of Sardinia asked the Ottoman authorities to detain three Italian democrats living in Turkey. One of them, Adriano Lemmi, was a supporter of Republican leader Giuseppe Mazzini. The successful business he ran in Turkey allowed him to finance the Italian Republican movement.
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IT1 106 | General Giuseppe Garibaldi, hero of the Italian national unification, arriving in Tunis in 1834 | State Library of Modern and Contemporary History | 1861 | | This print records the arrival of Italian Giuseppe Garibaldi in Tunis in 1834. Garibaldi had been sentenced to death in absentia by the Kingdom of Sardinia for his participation in a failed insurrection aimed at national unification. He spent six months in Tunisia before going to South America, where he lived until 1848.
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IT1 180 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | State Library of Modern and Contemporary History | 1905–06 | | In 1834 Giuseppe Garibaldi was sentenced to death in absentia by the Kingdom of Sardinia for his participation in a failed insurrection aimed at national unification. He spent six months in Tunisia before going to South America, where he lived until 1848.
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TN 019 | École Polytechnique du Bardo | | 1840 | | In Tunis, the Bardo military school was directed until 1853 by the Italian military officer Luigi Calligaris, a supporter of Italian unification. During its first year of activity, the school had among its teachers Giuseppe Garibaldi, on the run from the Kingdom of Sardinia’s authorities.
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TN 002 | Palais de la Rose | | 18th–19th centuries | | Built in the late 18th century as a residence for the Bey of Tunis, the Palais de la Rose was later used to lodge the foreign teachers of the Bardo Military School, including Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Working Number | Name | Holding Museum | Date | Materials | Curator Justification |
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TN 002 | Palais de la Rose | | 18th–19th centuries | | Built in the late 18th century as a residence for the Bey of Tunis, the Palais de la Rose was later used to lodge the foreign teachers of the Bardo Military School, including Giuseppe Garibaldi. | |
IT1 109 | Register listing 'all of the subjects of the Grand Duke of Tuscany [Italy] residing in Tunisia' | State Archives of Livorno | 1850 | | Tuscan subjects residing in Tunisia and registered at the Tuscan Consulate were placed under Tuscan jurisdiction and protection. This register includes the name of Giacomo Castelnuovo (Livorno, Italy, 1819 – Goulette, Tunisia, 1866), a medical doctor who supported Italian national unification and had to flee into exile in 1843.
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IT1 112 | The biweekly paper Spettatore Egiziano was the first Italian-language newspaper to be published in Egypt | State Archives of Livorno | 24 July 1856 | | In 1845, in Cairo, Italian political exile Giacomo Castelnuovo founded the biweekly paper Spettatore Egiziano, the first Italian-language newspaper to be published in Egypt. He later also founded a bulletin called Il Progresso d’Egitto, in order to keep the Italians in Egypt informed about Italian political news.
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AT 088 | Giovanni Miani (1810–1872) | Austrian National Library | 2nd half of the 19th century | | Giovanni Miani was from a town near Venice, which before Italian unification was under Austrian rule. In 1849, he fled Italy and went to Malta, then to Constantinople and to Egypt. He later became an explorer and died in 1871 while looking for the source of Nile.
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IT1 105 | Italian police record of Romualdo Peppini (b. Turin 1863, d. Casablanca 1912), an Italian anarchist worker who immigrated to Morocco in 1901 | Central State Archives of Italy | 1894–1901 | | In the second half of the 19th century, anarchism enjoyed a significant following in Italy. Some anarchists fled the country because they were wanted by the police. In other cases, such as that of Romualdo Peppini, their emigration was due predominantly to economic reasons. Once abroad, they often continued to be politically active.
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IT1 104 | An Italian booklet printed in Tunis in 1898 by Socialist and Anarchist Typography on the trial against the Italian anarchist leader Enrico Malatesta | State Library of Modern and Contemporary History | 1898 | | This booklet is evidence of the presence of a significant Italian anarchist community in late 19th-century Tunisia. Errico Malatesta (1853–1932) was one of the most important Italian anarchist leaders. He spent much of his life in exile, partly in Egypt, Lebanon and Syria.
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