Date |
Country |
Theme |
1801 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha commands 6,000 Turkish troops to assist the British in expelling the French from Rashid. For this he is assigned Governor of Egypt. |
From 19th century onward |
Germany |
Migrations |
Around 5 million Germans migrate to the USA to meet the need for manpower there, thanks to industrialisation, especially from the Ruhr region. |
1809 - 1829 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
Description de l'Egypte first appears in 1809 and continues to be published as a series until the final volume appears in 1829. It offers a comprehensive scientific description of ancient and modern Egypt as well as its natural history. |
1810 - 1845 |
Tunisia |
Migrations |
Taking advantage of treaties known as Capitulations an increasing number of Europeans arrive to seek their fortune in the commerce and industry of the regency, in particular the Leghorn Jews, Italians and Maltese. |
1810 - 1850 |
Tunisia |
Migrations |
Important increase in the arrival of black slaves. The slave market is supplied by seasonal caravans and the Fezzan from Ghadames and the sub-Saharan region in general. |
1810 - 1930 |
Tunisia |
Migrations |
The end of the race in the Mediterranean. For over 200 years the Regency of Tunis saw many free or enslaved Christians arrive from all over the Mediterranean Basin. The Oriental influx is due also to the presence of Turkish power. |
1815 - 1848 |
Germany |
Migrations |
An estimated 60,000 German citizens leave the territory that later becomes the German Bund (Federation). |
1820 |
France |
Migrations |
The first German immigrants enter France. |
1821 - 1859 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Harsh repression of pro-national unification and pro-constitution movement forces many activists – including Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi – to flee abroad. |
1827 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
The French physician Antoine Barthelemy Clot, Clot Bey as he was known in Egypt, becomes the first director of the Medical School and Hospital in Egypt. |
1829 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
Al-Waqa'i`a al-Masriya is established by order of Khedive Muhammad ‘Ali. It is the first indigenous Middle Eastern newspaper, initially written in both Ottoman Turkish and Arabic. |
1830 |
France |
Migrations |
Polish intellectuals arrive in Paris, which becomes the capital of exiled Poland. |
1830 |
Spain |
Migrations |
From 1830 onwards many Spaniards emigrate to North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), coinciding with the French occupation of Algiers and as a consequence of the economic crises in Spain. The emigrants are mostly from the Mediterranean regions such as Alicante, Almería and the Balearic Islands. |
1830 |
Romania |
Migrations |
The beginning of Greek immigration into Brăila. Many Greeks emigrate to Wallachia and settle in the Romanian ports on the Danube after the liberalisation of commerce on the Danube and Black Sea (1828). |
Since 1830 |
Germany |
Migrations |
Transatlantic migration from Europe, to America, Canada, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. |
1830s |
United Kingdom |
Migrations |
With the new Kingdom of Greece, guaranteed by Britain, some Greeks migrate to Athens and the new state, while others migrate from Greece to Constantinople, which has a huge Greek community. Relations between Turks and Greeks suffer during the 19th century, leading to a slow cantonisation of the region, culminating with the exchange of populations (Greeks from Turkey to Greece and Turks from Greece to Turkey) after World War I.
From the same period, expansion of the old Hellenic port of Alexandria witnesses a mass migration of Greeks, mostly from the Aegean islands to the city, making them, by the end of the century, the wealthiest and most influential community in Alexandria. |
Middle of the 19th century |
Romania |
Migrations |
The mid-19th century is the beginning of Italian immigration in the Romanian countries. For 1868, the presence of approximately 600 Italian workers in Romania is documented. Italian intellectuals and artists also settle in Romania, such as composer, director and music professor Alfons Castaldi. |
1840s |
United Kingdom |
Migrations |
Aden becomes a British Crown Colony in 1839 administered (until 1937) not from London but from India. Indians migrating to practise trade and the professions help to duplicate what is happening in India, albeit in a smaller way, in the Gulf and Iraq. |
About 1860 |
France |
Migrations |
Massive rural exodus to Paris, in particular farmers from the Auvergne region. |
1845 - 1852 |
United Kingdom |
Migrations |
The Great Famine, or “Irish Potato Famine” as it is known, is a period of huge significance in Irish national history, not least because the country lost about a quarter of its population: a million people died from starvation and disease and another million emigrated. A number of factors – including absentee landlords, land acquisitions, the corn laws, anti-Catholic sentiment and crop failures due to “potato blight” – brought about the famine at a time when around two-fifths of the population were reliant solely on potatoes. |
1849 - 1850 |
Austria |
Migrations |
The revolutionary General Józef Zachariasz Bem flees Austria for the Ottoman Empire along with 6,000 Hungarian soldiers. He becomes a Turkish General and in 1850 suppresses a Muslim pogrom against the Christian minority in Aleppo. |
1850 - 1900 |
Austria |
Migrations |
During the second half of the 19th century the mass migration of Czech-speaking farmers to Vienna to work for Viennese industries finally amounts to half the Viennese population. |
mid 19th - mid 20th |
Greece |
Migrations |
Many Greeks settle in Egypt during the second half of the 19th century. Khedive Muhammad ‘Ali supports Greek participation in the development of Egypt, especially in her contribution to the cotton industry. |
1850 |
France |
Migrations |
First wave of Italian immigrants to France. |
1853 |
Spain |
Migrations |
The ban on emigration to America is lifted. Under the Constitution of 1869 free emigration for all the inhabitants is recognised on payment of a fee, which remains until 1873. |
1853 - 1856 |
Turkey |
Migrations |
The Crimean War causes an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom move to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of immigration. |
1857 |
Turkey |
Migrations |
Ottoman Refugee Code/Immigration Law is issued. Forced migrants-turned-settlers are given 70 donums (about 17 acres) to start farming. |
1860 |
Austria |
Migrations |
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) is born in Moravia; he emigrates from Moravia to Vienna. |
1861 - 1921 |
Italy |
Migrations |
The Italian population grows from 22 million in 1861 to almost 33 million in 1901, to 38.4 million in 1921. Part of the increases are due to annexations of new territories. During the same period average annual migration to European and Mediterranean countries is 99, 000 in the 1860s and170,000 in the 1910s, peaking in the 1900s at 251,000. Average annual migration to non-European countries is 22,000 in the 1860s and 213,000 in the 1910s, peaking in the 1900s at 351,000. (Figures, rounded to the nearest 1,000, include both permanent and temporary migration. |
1863 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
Muhammad Sa‘id Pasha dispatches part of a Sudanese battalion to help stop a rebellion against the Second Mexican Empire. |
1866 |
Austria |
Migrations |
Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen from south-western Germany is elected as Prince of Romania. |
1868 - 1883 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Different circular letters by the Minister of Interior place obstacles on migration: migrants are supposed to have work contracts or to prove they have enough funding to repatriate. Such circular letters have only limited effect. Landowners put pressure on government to discourage migration. |
1868 |
Austria |
Migrations |
Michael Latos is born in Croatia (Austrian Empire) in 1828. He later deserts the Austrian army and flees to the Ottoman Empire, where he makes a military career as Omar Pasha and becomes Minister of War in 1868. |
Since 1870 |
Germany |
Migrations |
The so-called Ruhrpolen migrate to the Ruhr, where many work in coal mining. |
1876 - 1899 |
North Macedonia |
Migrations |
Extensive emigration of intellectuals from Macedonia to neighbouring countries and Russia. With unfavourable conditions at home for science and research, many Macedonian students stay in the country where they studied to contribute to the development of science, culture and arts. They often organised societies such as the Sofia Circle of Macedonian Students run by Petar Pop-Arsov (1872–1941), which began issuing Loza newspaper in 1882. |
1874 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
Khedive Isma‘il attempts to reduce slave trading and extends Egypt’s rule in Africa. Managing to annex Darfur in 1874, he is prevented from further expansion into Ethiopia when his army is defeated by the Emperor Yohannes IV. |
1875 |
North Macedonia |
Migrations |
The Dictionary of Three Languages by Gjorgji Pulevski (d. 1893) is published in Belgrade. It shows the political context and coexistence of Macedonians, Albanians and Turks in the territory of Macedonia. It gives words in Macedonian, Albanian and Turkish in three columns. Pulevski was also the author of the Dictionary of Four Languages. |
1875 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
The Egyptian Geographic Society is established by a decree of Khedive Isma‘il Pasha on 19 May 1875. Its first president is the German botanist, traveller and ethnologist Georg August Schweinfurth. |
1875 |
Austria |
Migrations |
Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) is born in Kalištĕ in Bohemia; he emigrates from there to Vienna in 1875. |
1877 |
Austria |
Migrations |
Karl Krauss (1874–1936) is born in Jičín in Bohemia; he emigrates from Bohemia to Vienna in 1877, where his famous journal Die Fackel (The Torch) is published in 1898. |
1877 - 1878 |
Turkey |
Migrations |
Mass Balkan migration. After the Russo-Turkish War (called the ’93 War by Turks) between 1 and 1.5 million people are driven from the Balkans to the Ottoman heartlands. |
1878 - 1906 |
Jordan |
Migrations |
Circassian and Chechen refugees settled by the Ottomans help to create new agricultural villages in Transjordan. Two waves of immigrants reach Jordan between 1878 and 1906. The first wave (1878–84) settles in Amman, Wadi al-Sir and Jerash, and the second wave (1901–06) in Na’ur, al-Zarqa, Sukhna, Rusayfa and Suwaylih. A Turkmen community founds a village at al-Rumman in the area of Jerash. Christian families from al-Salt establish new villages in al-Fuhays and Rumaymin while Christian settlers from Karak settle in Madaba. Palestinian and Damascene merchants to settle in al-Salt, Karak, Ajlun and, later, Amman. |
1880 - 1914 |
Tunisia |
Migrations |
Italian and French farmers settle in agricultural areas of the Regency of Tunis. |
Since 1880 |
Germany |
Migrations |
Foreign workers (especially from Austria-Hungary, Russia and Poland) arrive in the German Empire in increasing numbers to work in seasonal agriculture. |
From 1880 |
Germany |
Migrations |
As the process of Industrialisation in the so-called Ruhrgebiet region develops, Polish miners and farmhands migrate to the Ruhr, which becomes a place known as Ruhrpoland. |
From 1880 |
Germany |
Migrations |
Germany’s colonisation of Namibia, Tanzania, Cameroon and Togo. |
1880 - 1914 |
Germany |
Migrations |
More than 5 million migrants from Russia and the Habsburg Empire journey through Germany on their way to America. |
1880s |
United Kingdom |
Migrations |
European Zionism initiates a small migration, mostly from Russia – especially after the pogroms – to Palestine. Among the Jewish community in Palestine are ancestors of Jewish migrants from the 15th and 16th centuries who fled the Iberian Peninsula after their expulsion by Ferdinand and Isabella. |
1880 - 1920 |
Greece |
Migrations |
Approximately 400,000 Greeks migrate to America due to widespread unemployment and economic problems. |
1880 - 1889 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 37,000; USA 24,000; Argentina 39,000; Brazil 22,000. |
1880 - 1887 |
Italy |
Migrations |
As a consequence of agricultural crisis, mass migration starts. |
1880 |
Lebanon |
Migrations |
A small number of Lebanese people emigrate to the USA, the first of a wave of migration abroad. |
1881 - 1901 |
Italy |
Migrations |
2,251,463 people migrate from Italy; 67 per cent of them go to the USA. |
1882 |
Tunisia |
Migrations |
Inauguration of the new Catholic Cathedral in Tunis, designed in the monumental Greco-Roman style, in line with the image France intends to convey in the early days of its protectorate over the regency. |
1887 - 1918 |
Austria |
Migrations |
The son of an Austrian general, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha becomes King of Bulgaria; he leaves Bulgaria and immigrates to Germany in 1918. |
1888 |
North Macedonia |
Migrations |
A movement to awaken national awareness leads to the establishment of many independent associations of Macedonian emigrants, such as the Macedonian Literary Society established by Gjorgji Pulevski in Sofia in 1888. |
1888 |
Italy |
Migrations |
The first law on migration introduces measures aimed at preventing a married woman from migrating without her husband’s consent; at preventing men to migrate to avoid military service; and at granting migrants some protection against abuses. |
1890s - Around 1900 |
Germany |
Migrations |
After the United States, the German Empire was the most popular country of immigration. |
1890s |
Germany |
Migrations |
The Prussian policy of Abwehrpolitik sees Polish seasonal workers in agriculture forced to leave the German Empire during winter. |
1890 - 1899 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 26,000, USA 51,000; Argentina 37,000; Brazil 58,000. |
1890 - 1910 |
Tunisia |
Migrations |
Emergence of a new European-inspired city outside the Arab medina with a multitude of buildings built in the European style. |
1893 - 1902 |
Turkey |
Migrations |
72,000 Muslims and Jews are forced out of Bulgaria. Unlike earlier migrants, they are resettled in towns in Thrace as well as in rural areas of central and eastern Anatolia. |
1899 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
British diplomat Alfred Mitchell-Innes was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Finance in Egypt. |
1900 - 1910 |
Tunisia |
Migrations |
The colonial era: social and cultural life are organised around Europeans striving for modernity and accustomed to the cultural life of European cities; hence construction of theatres, hotels, casinos, etc. |
1900 - 1909 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 57,000; USA 233,000; Argentina 73,000; Brazil 30,000. |
1900 - 1909 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Italians who had migrated to the USA, Argentina and Brazil repatriate to Italy in large numbers during the 1900s: the annual average is 119,857 from the USA; 31,712 from Argentina; 19,864 from Brazil. |
1900 |
Lebanon |
Migrations |
A group of about a dozen Lebanese, dissatisfied with the dismal prospect of earning a livelihood from the stubborn northern Lebanese soil, set out to stake their claim on the mythical riches in the new land of Australia. |
1901 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Comprehensive law on migration creates the Commissariato generale per l’emigrazione and introduces other measures aimed at ensuring migrants’ welfare, such as medical inspections on boats. |
1903 |
North Macedonia |
Migrations |
Publication in Sofia of On Macedonian Matters by Krste Petkov Misirkov (1874–1926). This book was a starting point in explaining factors about Macedonian people as a distinct nation and laid the foundations of the Macedonian modern language and grammar. |
1903 |
North Macedonia |
Migrations |
The Slav-Macedonian Scientific Literary Society, also known as the St Petersburg Colony, is established. It plays an important role in the national awakening of Macedonians and raising the issue of the independence of Macedonia within the international community. |
1905 |
Germany |
Migrations |
Foundation of the German field-workers central office (Deutsche Feldarbeiter Zentralstelle; later Deutsche Arbeitszentrale), initiated by the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture, in order to control work-based migration to Germany. |
1905 |
North Macedonia |
Migrations |
Publication of the journal Autonomous Macedonia begins in Belgrade. This attempt to propagate the idea of an independent state initiated by Grigorie Tashkovic ends after only a few issues. |
1910 - 1920 |
France |
Migrations |
The Spanish community is France’s most important. |
1910 - 1919 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 44,000; USA 157,000; Argentina 32,000; Brazil 13,000. |
1912 |
North Macedonia |
Migrations |
First publication of the Macedonian and Russian language journal Makedonski Golos (Macedonian Voice). Krste Petkov Misirkov and Dimitrija Chupovski, central figures of the Slav-Macedonian Scientific Literary Society, were largely responsible for its publishing. |
1912 - 1913 |
Turkey |
Migrations |
Balkan Wars. Large wave of Muslims and Jews flee the Balkans for Ottoman lands to the south. This involuntary migration is estimated to involve 64,000 persons. |
1913 |
Italy |
Migrations |
Italian migration reaches its peak: 870,000 Italians migrate abroad. |
1914 - 1918 |
Germany |
Migrations |
One in every ten members of the workforce in the German Empire is foreign (many of them prisoners of war). |
1915 |
Germany |
Migrations |
Introduction of the Legitimationszwang in Prussia allows police to tag foreign workers and their German employers. |
1916 |
France |
Migrations |
First Chinese immigration wave to France: 35,000 Chinese workers are recruited to France during World War I. |
1918 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
George Park begins building work on Alexandria Opera House, known also as Sayyid Darwish Theatre, which opens in 1921. |
1918 - 1933 |
Germany |
Migrations |
With the establishment of the Weimar Republic, the number of migrant workers declines rapidly. |
1918 - 1939 |
Austria |
Migrations |
Danilo I Prince of Montenegro is forced to leave his kingdom following its integration with Yugoslavia. He then seeks exile in Austria and dies in Vienna in 1939. |
1918 |
Lebanon |
Migrations |
The Lebanese buy homes from the Italians and Jews, who are moving away. They learn about clothes, home improvements, insurance and credit. Businesses are branching out, with dry goods and notions business replaced by grocery stores, butcher shops, coffee houses and sales of farm produce from vehicles. |
After 1918 |
Germany |
Migrations |
Forced migration rises and more than 10 million people (within Europe) are displaced. Berlin temporarily becomes the centre for Russian immigrants. |
1922 |
Greece |
Migrations |
Many thousands of refugees arrive from Asia Minor. |
1922 |
Turkey |
Migrations |
Exchange of population between Greece and Turkey. |
1946 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
Zog I, King of the Albanians, and most of his family, leave England and settle in Egypt at the behest of King Faruq. |
1952 |
Egypt |
Migrations |
Having been forced to abdicate, On 26 July, Faruq leaves Egypt for Italy. He passes away in Rome in 1965 and his body is brought back to Egypt to be buried in al-Rifa‘i Mosque. |