Working Number | Name | Holding Museum | Date | Materials | Curator Justification |
IT1 044 | Primary students at a village school in central Italy, which followed the teaching methods introduced by Maria Montessori | Archivio Tela Umbra | 1910 | | The teaching methods of Maria Montessori, a doctor, revolutionised education. This early photograph, taken in Italy, shows the principles of this method, in which each child advances at his or her own pace through the medium of sensory discovery.
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IT1 045 | Primary students at a village school in central Italy, which followed the teaching methods introduced by Maria Montessori | Archivio Tela Umbra | 1910 | | The teaching methods of Maria Montessori, a doctor, revolutionised education. This early photograph, taken in Italy, shows the principles of this method, in which each child advances at his or her own pace through the medium of sensory discovery.
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PT 096 | Gas burner | National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) / Museums of the University of Lisbon | c. 1900–20 | Metal | Conveying the numerous discoveries in the fields of chemistry and physics in the 19th century became widespread in primary and secondary education. Before long, experiments could be carried out in class using specialist equipment such as this Bunsen burner.
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PT 097 | Aegilops ovata L. | National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) / Museums of the University of Lisbon | 1840 | Pressed and dried plant, glued on paper | Botany became popular in the 19th century thanks to herbariums such as this one. Primary school teachers had their pupils construct herbariums after field trips.
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PT 098 | Thymus ciliatus Benth. Presently: Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus (Boiss. & Reut.) Greuter & Burdet | National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) / Museums of the University of Lisbon | 1850 | Pressed and dried plant, glued on paper | Botany became popular in the 19th century thanks to herbariums such as this one. Primary school teachers had their pupils construct herbariums after field trips.
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PT 099 | Homarus hakelensis Fraas 1878 and clupeomorph fishes | National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) / Museums of the University of Lisbon | Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous (c. 95 million years) | Plate of lithographic limestone | Geology, mineralogy and the study of fossils advanced significantly in the 19th century. Samples such as this one were collected to be shown to museum visitors or in schools.
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PT 100 | Azurite | National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) / Museums of the University of Lisbon | c. 1920 | Azurite crystals | Geology, mineralogy and the study of fossils advanced significantly in the 19th century. Samples such as this one were collected to be shown to museum visitors or in schools.
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PT 101 | Vanadinite | National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) / Museums of the University of Lisbon | c. 1839 | Vanadinite crystals on matrix | Geology, mineralogy and the study of fossils advanced significantly in the 19th century. Samples such as this one were collected to be shown to museum visitors or in schools.
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UA 030 | Lithographed Qur’an, originally written by Shukr Zadeh (d. AH 1166 / AD 1753) | Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilisation / Sharjah Museums Department | Hegira 1266 / AD 1850 | Lithographed Manuscript | The need to memorise the Holy Qur’an and render it in writing had given life to an accurate, scientific system of rules. Rules focusing on grammar and the correct pronunciation of words in recitation (tajwid) were essential for memorising the Qur’an. In the 19th century, the problem of how to transfer the recitation signs accurately to the medium of print arose.
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FR 079 | Art exhibition at school, 12–25 June, 1904 | National Library of France | 1904 | | The question of teaching art at school concerned European pedagogues in the 19th century. Some believed it constituted essential knowledge, elevating the mind, while others found such teaching to be of secondary importance. In France in the late 19th century, following a long debate, this subject was introduced into primary schools.
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LB 092 | Lebanese Bachelor degree diploma | Ministry of Education and Fine Arts | 1913 | | Certificates of studies completed were of great importance to the recipients, who kept them carefully. They were therefore lettered with care. This Lebanese baccalaureate certificate written in French demonstrates the importance of French influence on the education system in Lebanon.
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