English
Economy and Trade
Birdal, Murat, The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century, London ; New York : I.B. Tauris Academic Studies, 2010.

Inalcik, Halil, et al., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, 2 vols., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Issawi, Charles, An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.

Issawi, Charles, The Economic History of Turkey 1800–1914, Publications of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, no. 13, Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Kasaba, Resat, The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The Nineteenth Century, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1988.

Owen, Roger, The Middle East in the World Economy 1800–1914, London: I.B. Tauris, 1993.

Pamuk, Şevket, The Ottoman Economy and Its Institutions, Farnham, UK : Ashgate Variorum, 2009.

Sluglett, Peter (ed.), The Urban Social History of the Middle East 1750–1950, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008.